Approximate net sea ice exchange (see legend for key to arrow sizes), extent of shorefast ice and winter sea ice, and coastal polynyas and main polynya concentrations
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An example of a positive feedback loop Warming leads to a decrease in sea ice cover which in turn leads to a decrease in albedo over the ocean, the result of which is further warming and further [..]
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Schematic representation of shelf processes involving transport of contaminants and sea ice
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Average annual maximum and minimum sea ice extent The numbered lines show the expected time in years for the ice at that location to exit the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait, based on drifting [..]
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Recent observations of summer sea-ice extent
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A comparison of the structures of the Bergen, Toronto, and Combined zonally-averaged global models
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Distribution of potential temperature, salinity, and density across the Arctic Ocean and the Greenland and Norwegian Seas
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Temperature and salinity of the Labrador Sea The cold freshwater from the Arctic Ocean and Baffin Bay is seen above the continental shelf
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Schematic representation of the temperature and salinity structure of the upper Arctic Ocean and how the halocline layer is maintained by brine-rich water produced on the shelves
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Seasonal and annual average surface temperature trends (°C per decade) over the northern hemisphere
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History of temperature changes in central Greenland over the last 40 000 years, from the GISP2 core, showing very large and probably abrupt changes
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Lower stratospheric temperature record since 1979
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Lower stratospheric (ca 120-40 hPa) Arctic temperature trends (°C per decade, January 1979 to February 1996), as monitored by MSUs on polar orbiting satellites
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Lower tropospheric Arctic temperature trends (°C per decade, January 1979 to February 1996), as monitored by MSUs on polar orbiting satellites
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Schematic illustration of ecosystem carbon fluxes and nutrient circulation in the tundra Carbon and nutrient pathways are shown by dashed and continuous lines, respectively
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